MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS: FROM ENDOTHELIAL INJURY TO PLAQUE FORMATION

Abstract

Atherosclerosis represents a chronic, advancing condition of the arterial wall and stands as a primary pathological driver of cardiovascular illness and death worldwide. It evolves slowly through a series of structural and cellular transformations, beginning with damage to the endothelium and advancing toward plaque development, luminal narrowing, calcification, and potential rupture. These morphologic alterations involve the buildup of lipids, infiltration by inflammatory cells, reorganization of connective tissue, and modifications to vessel architecture. A thorough grasp of this morphologic progression is crucial for interpreting cardiovascular pathology, guiding preventive strategies, and managing clinical treatment. This review outlines the stepwise morphological evolution of atherosclerosis from initial endothelial damage to mature atherosclerotic plaque formation, drawing on evidence from human pathological investigations and clinical studies.