MODERN APPROACHES TO THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DIABETIC PERIPHERAL POLYNEUROPATHY IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most widespread endocrine disorders and is accompanied by numerous chronic complications that significantly impair patients' quality of life. Among these complications, diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy (DPN) is the most common neurological disorder, affecting nearly half of patients with long-standing diabetes. The pathogenesis of DPN is multifactorial and includes persistent hyperglycemia, activation of the polyol pathway, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, endothelial injury, and impaired microcirculation. These mechanisms lead to progressive degeneration of peripheral nerve fibers and decreased nerve conduction. Clinically, patients experience numbness, tingling, burning pain, muscle weakness, and sensory loss, which increase the risk of foot ulcers and lower-extremity amputations. Early identification of DPN and pathogenetically targeted therapy remain essential components of diabetes management.