IMMUNOPROTECTIVE ROLE OF BIOACTIVE PLANT COMPOUNDS IN CHRONIC CARBON MONOXIDE INTOXICATION

Abstract

Chronic carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication is a significant environmental and occupational health problem characterized by persistent tissue hypoxia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and progressive dysfunction of multiple organ systems. The immune system is particularly vulnerable to chronic CO exposure due to the high metabolic activity and continuous proliferation of immune cells. Structural and functional alterations in lymphoid organs, including the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, contribute to immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to disease. In recent years, considerable attention has been directed toward the therapeutic potential of bioactive plant compounds as natural immunoprotective agents. Phytochemicals such as flavonoids, polyphenols, carotenoids, saponins, and flavonolignans possess potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and immunomodulatory properties. This review discusses the mechanisms underlying chronic CO-induced immunotoxicity and highlights the protective role of bioactive plant compounds in preserving immune organ structure and function. Particular emphasis is placed on the ability of these natural compounds to reduce oxidative damage, enhance cellular regeneration, and restore immune homeostasis.