ROLE OF DIPHENYLAMINE IN THE PREPARATION OF PYROLYSIS OIL–BASED SULFONIC CATION EXCHANGER FOR THE SEPARATION OF TOXIC AND HEAVY METALS FROM WASTEWATER

Abstract

The rapid growth of industrial activities, urbanization, and technological development has led to a significant increase in wastewater generation containing toxic and heavy metal contaminants. Heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) are among the most hazardous pollutants due to their persistence in the environment, non-biodegradable nature, and ability to accumulate in living organisms. Long-term exposure to these metals can cause severe health problems, including neurological disorders, kidney damage, and carcinogenic effects.