OXIDATIVE STRESS-MEDIATED ALTERATIONS IN THYMUS AND SPLEEN DURING CHRONIC CO POISONING

Abstract

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning remains a significant environmental and occupational health concern worldwide. Chronic exposure to carbon monoxide leads to persistent tissue hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction, and excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in oxidative stress. The immune system, particularly the thymus and spleen, is highly susceptible to oxidative damage because of its intensive cellular proliferation and metabolic activity. Oxidative stress-induced alterations in these organs contribute to immune dysfunction, impaired lymphocyte maturation, and reduced resistance to infectious diseases. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of oxidative stress-mediated injury in the thymus and spleen during chronic CO poisoning. Particular emphasis is placed on histopathological, morphometric, and cellular changes associated with prolonged exposure to carbon monoxide. Understanding these mechanisms may facilitate the development of effective antioxidant and immunoprotective therapeutic strategies.