TRANSCRESTAL SINUS FLOOR ELEVATION: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF MINIMALLY INVASIVE TECHNIQUES, INDICATIONS, AND LIMITATIONS

Abstract

Rehabilitation of the posterior maxilla is often complicated by alveolar ridge atrophy and sinus pneumatization, which reduce the available bone height for implant placement. Minimally invasive transcrestal sinus floor elevation has therefore become an important option for selected patients. This thesis critically summarizes current evidence on balloon-assisted elevation, hydraulic elevation, and osseodensification. Available studies indicate that these approaches may reduce surgical trauma and support simultaneous implant placement when anatomy is favorable. However, the evidence remains heterogeneous, and no method can be considered universally superior. The most reliable treatment planning still depends on residual bone height, sinus anatomy, membrane condition, cone beam computed tomography assessment, and surgical experience.