EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND MODERN THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR KIDNEY AND PROSTATE ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING CHRONIC CARBON MONOXIDE EXPOSURE

Abstract

Chronic exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) is a significant environmental and occupational health problem that may result in progressive structural and functional damage to multiple organs. While acute CO poisoning has been extensively investigated, chronic low-level exposure remains underdiagnosed because of its nonspecific clinical manifestations. The kidneys and prostate gland are particularly susceptible to chronic hypoxia and oxidative stress due to their high metabolic activity. Persistent exposure to CO induces cellular injury through the formation of carboxyhemoglobin, mitochondrial dysfunction, excessive production of reactive oxygen species, endothelial impairment, and chronic inflammation. These pathological mechanisms lead to histomorphological alterations, including glomerular degeneration, tubular injury, interstitial fibrosis, epithelial atrophy, stromal remodeling, and vascular congestion. Early diagnosis using biochemical biomarkers, imaging techniques, and histopathological evaluation is essential for preventing irreversible tissue damage. Modern therapeutic strategies emphasize antioxidant therapy, anti-inflammatory treatment, mitochondrial protection, and bioactive plant compounds to preserve organ structure and function.