COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY AND ADRIAMYCIN NEPHROPATHY MODELS IN SCREENING OF NEPHROPROTECTIVE PHYTOPREPARATIONS

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health burden with a steadily increasing prevalence, particularly due to the rise of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of CKD worldwide reaches 13.4%, and the number of patients requiring renal replacement therapy increases by 5–7% annually. In Uzbekistan, there is a steady increase in the number of patients with diabetic nephropathy, which is associated with the high prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Modern nephrology has a limited arsenal of agents capable of slowing the progression of CKD, which explains the interest of researchers in natural compounds. However, scientific substantiation of the effectiveness of phytopreparations requires experimental studies on adequate animal models. The choice of an adequate model is a critical step that determines the reliability of the obtained results and the possibility of their extrapolation to clinical practice. This thesis compares two widely used CKD models: streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy and adriamycin-induced nephropathy. The STZ model is characterized by selective damage to pancreatic β-cells, leading to persistent hyperglycemia and subsequent diabetic nephropathy. It allows the study of metabolic disturbances, oxidative stress, and protein glycation, which are key in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney injury. In contrast, adriamycin-induced nephropathy is a model of podocyte injury, with massive proteinuria developing within 5–7 days after a single injection. Its clinical value lies in the possibility of studying podocytoprotective properties of phytopreparations and preserving the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier. The STZ model is recommended for screening antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, while the adriamycin model is optimal for evaluating podocytoprotection.