INTEGRATED CYTOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL APPROACHES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF LUNG CANCER

Abstract

The global incidence of lung cancer continues to rise worldwide. Lung cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality and accounts for approximately 18.4% of all cancer-related deaths. Despite significant advances in radiological imaging, most lung tumors are still diagnosed at advanced stages, which limits treatment effectiveness and worsens prognosis. Therefore, improving early and accurate diagnostic approaches remains a critical task in modern oncology